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			GROUND-WATER SYSTEM EVALUATION Our Staff can provide: Determination of Study Scale Hydrogeologic Analyses Aquifer Testing Surface Water/Ground-water Interaction Determination of Study Scale At Nicklin Earth & Water, we specialize in investigating and testing ground-water systems. Most ground-water studies are conducted to evaluate the presence, availability, and quality of ground water. The scale of the study is dependent upon the outlined project objectives. If the project scale is limited, it may be acceptable to rely on existing data or to conduct simple testing. In other situations, especially if potentially significant demands of ground water are proposed, it is generally mandatory to conduct more comprehensive analyses and testing. Hydrogeologic Analyses Aquifers are controlled by a geologic formation's lithology, stratigraphy, and structure. In essence, the geologic formation must be capable of transmitting enough water to meet the requirements of the proposed project. It must also receive water from various hydrologic inputs. We strive to understand each hydrogeologic system before recommending additional analyses. This allows us to create more precise and focused investigations. It also assures that only the needed data are collected. Top of Page | Services Offered Aquifer Testing If a project entails significant water use, there may be uncertainty about an aquifer's capability to meet potential water demands. It is also possible that a proposed use may impact existing uses. In such situations, an aquifer testing program should be carefully planned and implemented. The test results must be thoroughly evaluated to determine the potential effects of the project. Carrying out such a detailed testing program will optimize the success of the proposed project. Testing program requirements are dependent upon the given circumstances and no two circumstances are ever the same. Tests that we commonly employ range from simple exploratory geologic borings to hydraulic tests, such as pumping or slug tests. In some situations, especially in basin-wide studies, other techniques and much more extensive data collection efforts may be required. These efforts may include, but are not necessarily limited to geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity and seismic refraction studies. Surface Water/Ground-water Interaction Surface water and shallow ground-water aquifers are often hydraulically connected. If this is the case, they are termed conjunctive surface water/ground-water systems. Changes made to one part of a conjunctive system may impact another part. For instance, operating a large well in an aquifer connected to a stream could significantly reduce or deplete stream discharge. In another case, it could deplete water from a nearby wetland. Conversely, decisions that affect surface water flow conditions may lead to overall aquifer impacts. We have the requisite expertise and tools to conduct a hydrogeologic testing program, assuring that reliable predictions can be made about an aquifer system's capability to meet your project plans. Top of Page | Services Offered	.	.
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